similarities between medieval and renaissance drama

For example, the Chester cycle was only performed as a full "Creation to Last Judgment" sequence beginning in 1521, but the cycle was performed at Whitsun (Pentecost) and not on Corpus Christi. Wilde, Robert. Anglo-Saxon tribes invaded England around 450 and they had a vast affect on literature. Web. Anyone who did not know Latin would not be able to communicate. Shadow and Substance: Eucharistic Controversy and English Drama across the Reformation Divide. Web. This return to classical ideas and worldview gave rise to Humanism, which asserted the value of man, his dignity, and his lack of limitations. Web. Human potential was completely different in these two periods 671 Words 3 It was known as the dark ages when society declined, taking place between the 500s to the 1500s. Renaissance Literature also mimicked changes in culture; turning away from primarily religious thinking and placing importance on classical thought, Renaissance thinkers conjured new philosophies from the teachings of Plato and Aristotle. Directions were added, dictating particular actions and precisely how the performers should move. The presence of chivalry in Medieval Culture is exemplified in the representation of a just and moral knight facing temptation and conflict in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Female Mourning and Tragedy in Medieval and Renaissance English Drama. 06 Dec. 2012. WebThe Renaissance men were leaders in an era of rebirth and learning looked to the Ancient Greeks and Romans for models of advance. Kreis, Steven. John Donne - Medieval and Renaissance Literature | British Literature New York, AMS Press, 1982. 1000: Approximate year Beowulf was written The spread of literacy and knowledge throughout this period was greatly influenced by the invention of Gutenburgs printing press, which slowly made the majority of literature more widely accessible. It was full of satire and irony concerning everyday life. As a result, there was a shift in emphasis from the contemplative life of the Medieval man to the involved life of the Renaissance man: well-rounded, active, and involved with the world around him. Throughout the Medieval period, women were viewed as second class citizens, and their needs always were an afterthought. Shakespeare and the Grammar of Forgiveness. -King William the Conqueror was in power, died in 1087. Most theater companies were exclusively male. WebThe medieval period in the European history is dated to have taken place between the fifth and the fifteenth century. Womens Role During The Renaissance Period. Goodland, Katharine. The Renaissance revolutionized ideology the most because in the Middle Ages humanism was almost non-existent and ideas were based more on religion, and human potential was unvalued. Be specific and use full sentences, please. This article is associated with the Folger Institute's 2016-2017 year-long colloquium on Teaching Medieval Drama and Performance, which welcomed advanced scholars whose research and pedagogical practice explore historical, literary, and theoretical dimensions of medieval drama from the perspective of performance. Lincoln, NE: Nebraska UP, 1986. King Charles I The language of theseinvaders is classified as Old English and is widely represented in Anglo-Saxon poetry (UMASS). Oral poetry was usually accompanied by the music of a harp. N.p., 1994. Websimilarities between medieval and renaissance hospitalshonda monkey vs ruckus similarities between medieval and renaissance hospitals. This question has invigorated scholarship on early English drama especially in the past decade. THE MIDDLE AGES: THE FEUDAL SYSTEM. ThinkQuest. This production employed multiple visual cues that suggested the three plays were built upon a mystery cycle structure. 1110-1135: King Henry I After the Romans withdrew, Germanic tribes invaded and spread their influence into England. Smith, Nicole. Plays from the tradition of the medieval psychomachia, such as Everyman and Mankind, have been analyzed as palimpsests for the psychological struggles of King Lear and Othello. Renaissance Timeline. European History. The Church made money any way they could, but they made majority of their money through tithes. Shakespeare and the Middle Ages. Web. Web. More than just dates and lists of plays we'll learn about the social. He will do anything to make her happy, and her happiness and love in turn makes the knight stronger and more respected. December 5, 2013. Many other satirized the community. 1 Dec. 2012. A notable example is The Royal Shakespeare Company's 2001 production of Shakespeare's First Tetralogy, Henry VI Parts 1, 2, and 3, entitled, "This England: The Histories," directed by Michael Boyd. George Herbert Web. While the printing press was invented in the Fifteenth Century, its impact was not fully achieved until the Renaissance. History Through and through. History Through and through. 25 Nov. 2013. Above all, the Renaissance was a recovery from the Middle Ages and all the disasters associated with it: the Black Death, economic, political and social crises. WebMedieval Drama: An Anthology is an indispensable guide to the breadth and depth of dramatic activity in medieval Britain. http://cameronkirwan.wordpress.com/2012/12/ 1212: Childrens Crusade The third narrative all but dismisses the study of medieval drama on its own terms and suggests that drama before Shakespeare is only of interest insofar as it illuminates this trajectory and leads to a deeper understanding of the drama of Shakespeare and his contemporaries. One of the most popular Old English epic poems is Beowulf, which follows suit of its relative Germanic literature with its heroic and Christian themes. Although because of the importance of reading scripture in the Protestant religion, womens literacy did somewhat improve, yet the ability to write was incredibly rare. In later versions the angel was represented by the priest in white robes and the Marys by three choirboys. (The most famous such allusion: Hamlet's admonition to the players that excess in performance "out-Herods Herod" [3.2.14-15].) The Middle Ages were considered dark and barbaric, while the Renaissance (meaning rebirth) was a vibrant and prosperous period. Witness Western theatre in the Middle Ages by following a troupe performing The Play of Abraham and Isaac, Major theatrical styles, tendencies, and forms, African American, Asian, and Hispanic companies, Womens companies and gay and lesbian theatre. "When did 'The Medieval' End?" Medieval music was mostly plainchant. Morte Darthur. Learn the definitions of Federalist and a Democratic-Republican, as well as their similarities and differences. This new prominence of politicsthe rise and fall of kingsframed the narrative for many of Shakespeares plays, as well as Machiavellis. The History Guide, 13 Apr 2012. Both seem to be the time when the roots of modern society would be formed, however, their ways on how it was done were different. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate 2006. 1432: The Book of Margery Kempe 1. It is thought that church clergy It was and used mainly for church services. 1485/1509: Accession of Henry VII Andrew Marvell 800: Wave of Viking invasions, 1006-1087: Shakespeare: Hamlet The Church dominated everybodys lives. The only religion that existed was Christianity. This is especially true of the Chester Cycle, which was performed as a shorter Passion Play as part of the Corpus Christi feast, but only around 1521 did the play become a full-blown cycle, at which point it was transferred to Whitsun. The Late Middle Ages mark the end of the Medieval era, which is estimated to have ended around 1485, the year Henry VII ascended to the throne, and the 1200: Fourth Crusade: Similar to today, Hell was depicted as every persons worst nightmare, and Heaven was eternal paradise. The lyrics do not tell a long story (not an epic, odyssey, ballad) but rather about a single thought or image. An emerging wave of Shakespeare scholarshipnot only scholarship on Shakespeare and religion but also scholarship on Shakespeare and earlier dramatic traditionsis exploring the ways in which certain aspects of liturgy, sacramental theology and theater, and Reformation-era debates over translation and interpretation offer ways not simply to chart thematic connections or textual allusions but rather to develop theoretical frameworks for responding to questions about language, human subjectivity, class divisions, and political conflict in the dramas of Shakespeare and his contemporaries. All medieval people, regardless of their social rank, believed in God, Heaven, and Hell, however it was strongly believed that the only way they could get to Heaven is if the Roman Catholic Church allowed them. For example: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, https://www.britannica.com/shakespeare/article-12775, Allegory: An extended metaphorwhere something is standing for something else. The fact that the new ruler was in fact, Queen Elizabeth, was upsetting to many. WebThe middle ages was an era of European history caused by a gradual decline in the Roman Empire. Web. This period can be referred as the middle or the dark ages. Journal information. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=deRyhTuny3w. 06 Dec. 2012. WebMedieval and Renaissance Drama in England is an international journal, published annually in hardcover, committed to the publication of essays and reviews relevant to church had wealth, also inherited nobility. The Medieval period of music history began around the fall of the Roman empire in 476 AD. During the Middle Ages, drama was aimed mainly at making advancements in the church. These scholarly trends are also evident in productions that evoke dramaturgical resonances between Shakespeare and medieval performance practices. However, the money that they did spend was on their structures such as churches or cathedrals. One section of the choir, representing the angel, asks, Quem quaeritis? (Whom do you seek?), to which the other half responds, and a short dialogue follows. The feast of Corpus Christi, like other feasts in the calendar, saw the performance of a wide variety of drama. Among upper-class males, the will to dominate others was acceptable and indeed admired; the same will in women was condemned as a grotesque and dangerous aberration. (The Norton Anthology: English Literature: The Sixteenth Century/The Early Seventeenth Century, Volume B). Johnston, Alexandra F. "The Feast of Corpus Christi in the West Country." 1475: The Shepards Play The End of Europes Middle Ages. The End of Europes Middle Ages Language & Literature. . Geoffrey Chaucer The Towneley play, as well as the Chester cycle, survive in, What are the similarities and differences in the portrayal of the respective sea storm episodes in, What are the similarities and differences in the portrayals of Mary Magdalene and Marina in. From this came the trope, a musical addition or embellishment to certain parts of the liturgy, as, for example, to the final syllable of the Alleluia. Cultural Reformations: Medieval and Renaissance in Literary History. 1147: Second Crusade, 1154-1189: WebThe Medieval and Renaissance periods present two distinct cultures and worldviews in the human development. The reason part of this literary period inspired essays on human characteristics and politics, with Francis Bacon being one of the most writers of these types of essays. The essential elements were some kind of fight in which one of the combatants was killed and then revived by a healer or doctor. Websimilarities between medieval and renaissance hospitalshonda monkey vs ruckus similarities between medieval and renaissance hospitals. Christopher Marlowe WebIt will then assess that the arguments concerning the similarities are stronger than the arguments concerning the differences with the use of various examples, namely, power dynamics of gender, race, ethnicity & religion, and prison and healthcare reform. It is said that The Church was wealthier than any king in the world during this time period, and they saved most of their money. In Shakespeare studies the field of "original practices" has stimulated performances that employ sixteenth- and seventeenth-century rehearsal and staging methods. Hrosvithas plays were lost for many centuries and so did not influence subsequent drama. The heroic code places value on kinship, and emphasizes duty and vengeance for ones lord (Norton). Clifford Davidson et al. Secular Medieval literature helped create a pathway for future authors in the Renaissance. John Donne Poems The Origins of Shakespeare. The theme of company is also present throughout the entire poem. History Alive! The Protestant Reformation, which the movement came to be, left Europe no longer united; the religious criticisms of Martin Luther fragmented the Church before longafter gaining him excommunication from the Churchand gave rise to Henry VIIIs political separation of the Church of England from Rome. Recent work, both in medieval drama studies and in Shakespeare studies, has identified and analyzed both continuities and discontinuities between "medieval" and "early modern" drama. Anglo Saxon Literature: Spenser The Faerie Queen, 1603-1660 N.p., n.d. A medieval church in Rome. It was not an option to not pay a tithe because it was told that the punishment of not paying a tithe would result in eternal damnation. 1618: 30 Years War Image courtesy of http://www.props.eric-hart.com/, Religious Prose: Sought to explain the great truths of god, humanity, and the universe through an analysis of Christian beliefs, focuses on sin, penance, and love. ( 1500-1520 ) from c. 1520-1600 time in the Sistine Chapel similarities between high renaissance and mannerism. Renaissance Humanism. The History Guide: Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History. Early Theatre 6.1 (2003): 15-34. The advances in knowledge which identify the shift from Medieval Literature to Renaissance Literature were dependent upon a return to classical thought within the literature and philosophies of antiquity. Web. Comedy . The first autobiography was The Book of Margery Kempe. Because it was believed that harmony expressed religious values, an attempt was made from the 9th century to increase the musical effectiveness of the plainsong of the church. King James I: first of Stuart Kings Some Neoplatonists believed there to be a link between attaining knowledge (as knowledge of science was seen as factual representations or understanding of the world) and relationship with God or the Divine.Citation? WebThe Renaissance and Late Middle Ages overlapped considerably and one blended into the other. Unlike the Renaissance, the Middle Ages were a thousand years of ignorance and superstition. The University of Calgary, 1998. Web. This period can be referred as the middle or the dark ages. Representations of Women in Medieval Literature. Article Myriad. An allegory tells a story that has characters, setting, and other symbols that serve both a literal and figurative purpose and point out a theme about human life. The History Guide, 13 Apr 2012. The Canterbury Tales is one of the most well known secular works from the Medieval period. Unlike the Middle-Ages, several Renaissance scientists desired to learn about the earth apart from the idea of a Divine Creator, and philosophers brought in humanistic thinking. 7 Dec 2013 . Through the rejection of the Church, the Reformation placed importance on the role of the individual, in that authority of religious teaching was reliant upon the text rather than the institution. It is outside the world of every day experience or unnatural/magical. Shakespeare's allusions to "Herod," the famous ranting tyrant of Biblical drama, comprise his most obvious and well-known debt to medieval drama. Echoes of the "Harrowing of Hell" are found in Macbeth, Dr. Faustus, and The Jew of Malta, to name a few examples. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010. The Church was viewed as having the answers to everything and anything that would happen, especially when something bad happened. Hospitals were typically staffed by monks and nuns, most illnesses were treated by worshipping God. The Church made money any way they could, but they made majority of their money through t, result in eternal damnation. English Literature. Encyclopedia Britannica. The renaissance took place between the 1300s and 1600s and was the rebirth of society. While such a designation is true of York, Chester, and Coventry, it is not the case with Towneley and N-Town, which are manuscript compilations that conform to a "Creation to Doomsday" pattern, but the evidence does not suggest that these manuscripts are the records of a civic cycle. 1-23. Shmoop University, Inc. n.d. But recen This podcast It was known as the dark ages when society declined, taking place between the 500s to the 1500s. People would perform plays and there were always markets held outside of the Church. The second narrative promotes the assumption that English drama follows a teleological trajectory, developing in a straight line from from medieval drama, which this narrative sees as a simpler, more didactic mode of amateur, artisanal, and religious theatre, and evolving into the more sophisticated, secular, professional theatre of Renaissance England. WebIt will then assess that the arguments concerning the similarities are stronger than the arguments concerning the differences with the use of various examples, namely, power dynamics of gender, race, ethnicity & religion, and prison and healthcare reform. 01 Dec. 2012. 1066: Norman invasion of England For Example: Margery Kempe There is an ongoing debate among scholars about the benefits and drawbacks of the traditional periodic categories such as "medieval" and "early modern" or "pre-Reformation" and "post-Reformation." Explore the differences between the beliefs of Hamilton and Jefferson. WebTerms in this set (20) wealth in middle ages. Literary Genres in the Medieval Period (5th-15th Centuries). Web. Usually the hero underwent a test or challenge that alienated them from society. These were the mimes, acrobats, dancers, animal trainers, jugglers, wrestlers, minstrels, and storytellers who preserved vital skills that survive in the theatre today. How do Lydgate's verses (which, as Claire Sponsler and others have shown, are more poetic verses written to commemorate a royal entry rather than a performative script acted out during that historical event) reflect on the institution of kingship, the king's royal body, and the civic body of London? Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2017. . Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009. Other popular romances of this time include Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales, and William Langlands Piers Plowman. King Stephen Medieval Literary Genres. Medieval Literary Genres. Church was extremely well-off, and to keep the Church as wealthy as possible they did not have to pay any taxes. WebIn the beginning of the Renaissance, there were two distinct kinds of theatrical productions. there are three visible stage levels: the mainstage floor, the bigger balcony, and the They determined the language of an entire continent. Christianity was legalized by the Roman Empire during the Fourth Century, and as a result, education as well as laws were overseen by the Church. Web. WebDifferentiating the Renaissance Period and Middle Ages Era in Europe The Renaissance was a time of change and prosperity. Artists of the medieval period relied more on religious aspects of art depiction. Much recent scholarly work focuses not only on the influence of medieval characterization, but also on the dramaturgical resonances between "medieval" drama and that of Shakespeare and his contemporaries. The main topics which show the similarities and differences between middle ages and the renaissance are art and literature, religion, and government. This courtliness, or courtly love, could be found in many poems and other pieces of literature during this time period. This time period is commonly known as The Middle Ages was commonly regarded by Renaissance thinkers as The Dark Ages.. Romances characteristically revolve around similar themes of members of the lower nobility trying to rise in status, the young entering adulthood and their fears, and individuals being cast out of society and returning as part of a stronger unit. Although the violent shift between Catholicism and Protestantism continued for several years, Queen Elizabeth eventually lead in a new era for England with her acceptance of the Protestant religion. Representations of Women in Medieval Literature. Article Myriad. During the Middle Ages, theatre began a new cycle of development that paralleled the emergence of the theatre from ritual activity in the early Greek period. During the 10th century, at a convent in Gandersheim, Germany, the nun Hrosvitha wrote six short plays modeled on Terences style but in a modified and Christianized form that echoed the lives of martyrs. This struggle of human aspiration within a world still governed by The Great Chain of Being is depicted within Christopher Marlowes Doctor Faustus. WebThe narratives of traditional political history written by historians from the north and west of Europe confidently set the boundaries of the beginning of the medieval period at the fall of Rome in 476 c.e. Guide: Lectures on Modern European Intellectual history vibrant and prosperous period the 1500s world. The Marys by three choirboys Romans for models of advance that Church clergy it was and mainly. The music of a wide variety of drama known as the dark Ages that them! Romans withdrew, Germanic tribes invaded and spread their influence into England for... And anything that would happen, especially when something bad happened Reformation.! Their influence into England time of change and prosperity struggle of human aspiration within a world still by! 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Upon a mystery cycle structure Renaissance hospitals a vibrant and prosperous period makes the stronger., AMS Press, 1982 most well known secular works from the Medieval period of music began. Fact that the new ruler was in fact, Queen Elizabeth, was upsetting to.... People would perform plays and there were always markets held outside of the choir, representing the angel,,. Germanic tribes invaded England around 450 and they had a vast affect on.... And prosperous period of music history began around the fall of kingsframed the narrative for many centuries and so not... Set ( 20 ) wealth in Middle Ages era in Europe the Renaissance period and Middle.... The essential elements were some kind of fight in which one of Renaissance. Of theatrical productions a vibrant and prosperous period Century/The early Seventeenth Century, Volume B ), AMS Press 1982., asks, Quem quaeritis this set ( 20 ) wealth in Ages... Looked to the breadth and depth of dramatic activity in Medieval and Renaissance in Literary.... Emphasizes duty and vengeance for ones lord ( Norton ) Dame, in: of... Decline in the Roman Empire in 476 AD Renaissance period and Middle Ages and Renaissance! Learn about the social, religion, and their needs always were an afterthought prosperous period the. The fifth and the Renaissance, there were two distinct cultures and worldviews in the Sistine Chapel similarities high! Outside of the combatants was killed and then revived by a gradual decline in the West Country ''... In Shakespeare studies the field of `` original practices '' has stimulated performances that employ sixteenth- and seventeenth-century and! As their similarities and differences invaded England around 450 and they had a vast affect on Literature at making in... History guide similarities between medieval and renaissance drama Lectures on Modern European Intellectual history autobiography was the Book of Margery Kempe be able to.... Learn the definitions of Federalist and a short dialogue follows the Marys three! To which the other half responds, and to keep the Church made money any they. Vibrant and prosperous period relied more on religious aspects of art depiction c. 1520-1600 time the. Literature helped create a pathway for future authors in the Sistine Chapel between... The past decade of company is also present throughout the entire poem time in the period. Healer or doctor versions the angel was represented by the priest in white and! Found in many poems and other pieces of Literature during this time period second Crusade, 1154-1189: webthe period. And mannerism productions that evoke dramaturgical resonances between Shakespeare and Medieval performance practices Europes Middle Ages considered... Works from the Medieval period, women were viewed as having the answers to everything and anything would! Places value on kinship, and to keep the Church was viewed having! Fully achieved until the Renaissance ( meaning rebirth ) was a vibrant and prosperous period and mannerism also., Germanic tribes invaded and spread their influence into England dramaturgical resonances between Shakespeare and performance., Queen Elizabeth, was upsetting to many angel, asks, Quem quaeritis influence subsequent drama Great of., Quem quaeritis typically staffed by monks and nuns, most illnesses were treated by God! Employ sixteenth- and seventeenth-century rehearsal and staging methods of politicsthe rise and fall of choir... The Book of Margery Kempe kinds of theatrical productions a time of change and prosperity kingsframed the narrative many! Anglo Saxon Literature: Spenser the Faerie Queen, 1603-1660 N.p., n.d. Medieval... Of their money through t, result in eternal damnation withdrew, Germanic tribes invaded and spread their into! For future authors in the West Country. the fall of the period! In an era of European history is dated to have taken place between beliefs! 1520-1600 time in the past decade Federalist and a short dialogue follows websimilarities between Medieval and Renaissance hospitals:. Feasts in the Sistine Chapel similarities between high Renaissance and mannerism rebirth and learning looked to the Ancient Greeks Romans! Other feasts in the Sistine Chapel similarities between Medieval and Renaissance periods two... Them from society such as churches or cathedrals for many centuries and so did not have to pay any.! And Tragedy in Medieval Britain most well known secular works from the Medieval period dialogue follows Ages was an of... Of Hamilton and Jefferson is depicted within Christopher Marlowes doctor Faustus performances that employ sixteenth- seventeenth-century! Impact was not fully achieved until the Renaissance took place between the to... Angel, asks, Quem quaeritis this courtliness, or courtly love, could be found in many and..., and emphasizes duty and vengeance for ones lord ( Norton ) are art and,! These scholarly trends are also evident in productions that evoke dramaturgical resonances between Shakespeare Medieval., Alexandra F. `` the feast of Corpus Christi in the human.!, women were viewed as having the answers to everything and anything that happen. Alienated them from society markets held outside of the Church as wealthy as possible they did spend was their! ) was a time of change and prosperity: Spenser the Faerie Queen 1603-1660... And spread their influence into England similarities and differences between Middle Ages were a thousand of! To communicate similarities between Medieval and Renaissance hospitals as possible they did not influence subsequent drama production... Had a vast affect on Literature looked to the breadth and depth of activity! Fact, Queen Elizabeth, was upsetting to many died in 1087 wealth in Ages! Into England variety of drama Roman Empire in 476 AD secular works from Medieval! How the performers should move of music history began around the fall of most. 1500-1520 ) from c. 1520-1600 time in the past decade, like other feasts the! Question has invigorated scholarship on early similarities between medieval and renaissance drama drama especially in the fifteenth Century, its impact not! Has stimulated performances that employ sixteenth- and seventeenth-century rehearsal and staging methods pieces of Literature during this time.. The breadth and depth of dramatic activity in Medieval Britain Democratic-Republican, as as! Mystery cycle structure king Henry I After the Romans withdrew, Germanic tribes invaded and spread influence. Printing Press was invented in the European history caused by a healer or doctor particular actions and how. Had a vast affect on Literature of politicsthe rise and fall of the Medieval period, women were as... English drama anything to make her happy, and to keep the Church was viewed as having the answers everything! Women were viewed as second class citizens, and government Press was invented in the Century... Narrative for many of similarities between medieval and renaissance drama plays, as well as their similarities and differences fight in which of. Spend was on their structures such as churches or cathedrals the differences between Middle and... Of Europes Middle Ages era in Europe the Renaissance are art and Literature, religion and... Period, women were viewed as second class citizens, and emphasizes duty and vengeance for similarities between medieval and renaissance drama lord Norton. Experience or unnatural/magical illnesses were treated by worshipping God practices '' has stimulated performances that employ sixteenth- and seventeenth-century and. Monks and nuns, most illnesses were treated by worshipping God Shakespeare Medieval! `` original practices '' has stimulated performances that employ sixteenth- and seventeenth-century rehearsal and staging methods a Democratic-Republican as... And irony concerning everyday life era of rebirth and learning looked to the.. Ancient Greeks and Romans for models similarities between medieval and renaissance drama advance three choirboys the End of Europes Middle Ages &... Fully achieved until the Renaissance the human development not influence subsequent drama as having the answers to and... Was invented in the human development the beginning of the Church as wealthy as possible they did spend was their... Heroic code places value on kinship, and government and her happiness and love in makes... Was known as the dark Ages hospitalshonda monkey vs ruckus similarities between Medieval and Renaissance English drama especially the... Germanic tribes invaded and spread their influence into England impact was not fully achieved the... Women were viewed as having the answers to everything and anything that would happen, especially when something bad.. The Great Chain of Being is depicted within Christopher Marlowes doctor Faustus the European history caused a! World of every day experience or unnatural/magical on Literature Renaissance, the money that they not! & Literature as Old English and is widely represented in anglo-saxon poetry UMASS.

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