The high rainfall coupled with low vegetation and physical measures in the steeper parts directly converted into runoff rather than in filtering into the soil system (Table11). Volcanoes in the ecoregion are also intermittently active. 2008) and about 80% of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion (Ritchie et al. The demerit of this model is the requirement of large amount of data. According to the Fig. Nitosols and Vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower streams of the watershed . To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Soil erosion could accurately be estimated if and only if the extent and distribution of gullies should be measured. A special thank to Ernesto Abbate, Mario Sagri and Milvio Fazzuoli that introduced me to the beauties of the Horn of Africa geology and geomorphology, to Giovanni Ferrari for his inspiring views and, finally, to Fabrizio Vannacci that faithfully assisted me with his laboratory, field and human skills in such a long endeavor. [2] Most of the people have to build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the cold outside. The current soil erosion level was compared with the tolerable soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition. Water Resour Manag. Land Degrad Dev 15:499512, Merritt WS, Letcher RA, Jakeman AJ (2003) A review of erosion and sediment transport models. >> The Dijo watershed land use land cover was clipped from Ethiopian Ministry of water resources (2010). /Author (Bianca Marthinus) Slider with three articles shown per slide. The soil loss range of Dijo watershed is from 0 to 38.09 ton/ha/year. In: Hyder DM (ed) Proceedings of the lst rangelands congress, Denver, Juch D (1975) Geology of the South-Eastern escarpment of Ethiopia between 39 and 42 long. Moreover, the impact of soil loss on soil and crop productivity, farmers perception on soil erosion for sustainable soil and water conservation planning should be studied in the future. 7 0 obj endobj During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance. Catena 104:2131, Berehe WA (1996) Twenty years of soil conservation in Ethiopia. Because Ethiopia is located in the tropical latitudes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used. The coldest temperatures generally occur in December or January (bega) and the hottest in March, April, or May (belg). Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. Hawassa, Ethiopia, Wischmeier W, Smith D (1965) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains:guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation. As compared to the watershed average annual soil loss rate, 11 sub-watersheds such as R, F, N, C, J, I, G, O, D, A and B have erosion rate of 3.1 ton/ha/year which is above the watershed mean (2.2 ton/ha/year). Entisols are predominantly rocky, occur mostly in the mountainous west of Ethiopia, and total 25% of the area. Debele (1985) reported that of the 25 FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. [7] Although the later Scottish traveller James Bruce claims that he had never witnessed snow in the Simien Mountains, the 19th century explorer Henry Salt not only recorded that he saw snow there (on 9 April 1814), but explained the reason for Bruce's failure to see snow in these mountains Bruce had ventured no further than the foothills of the Simiens.[8]. In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL (eds) Land use and soil resources. Livistona carinensis. The authors thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work. Phaeozems, having an argillic B horizon, showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Phaeozems having an argillic B horizon, Other Phaeozems being calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. In erosion estimation using USLE and GIS, the rainfall erosivity factors (R_factor) played an important factor in soil erosion. 47.6% of the watershed area soil erosion rate was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton ha/year. Vertisols having moist chromas of less than 1.5 dominant in the soil matrix throughout the upper 30 cm. Soil erosion severity classification based on watershed slope reveals that, highest soil loss was estimated from very steep slope and the lowest loss from level slopes. in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia Abay Challa 1, *, Abdu Abdelkadir 2, Tefera Mengistu 2 . The result implies that highest soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. Longman Group, Har-low, Ozsoy G, Aksoy E, Dirim MS (2012) Determinationof soilerosionriskin the mustafakemalpasaRiverBasin,Turkey,usingthe reviseduniversalsoillossequation,geographicinformationsystem,andremotesensingJuly2012. Haile, 1987). In addition, the gelada monkey is under threat. Mean minimum temperatures range from 21 to 24C, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C. thesis, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, Getaneh W (2002) Geochemistry provenance and depositional tectonic setting of the Adigrat Sandstone northern Ethiopia. (2009) also demonstrated that the catchments of Gilgel Abay, Gumara, Megech and Rib havehigh soil erosionrates with an averagesoilloss of 3065 ton/ha/year. Whereas, the erosion severity of vertisols should be managed by draining the excess water during wet season, mulching, Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. chroma of 5 or more). 2009), extensive deforestation as the result of fuel wood demand and grazing into steep land areas (Amsalu et al. Thus, average annual temperatures in the highlands are in the low 60s F (mid-10s C), while the lowlands average in the low 80s F (upper 20s C). It is found in Administrative boundaries of Silte zone, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. /StemH 78 The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. The clay loam, The blue color represents very low soil erosion severity classes, green color represents low, yellow color represents moderate and red color represents high soil loss severity classes. Habitats however have been degraded, mainly by grazing of livestock as well as cutting of trees for firewood and clearing of land for planting. (2020), the practices of wood check-dam, level soil bund, Graded soil bund, contour farming, infiltration pit, furrow making, bench terraces with tree Lucerne plantation, Gabions check-dam, mulching, contour farming, planting pit, leaving crop residues after crop harvest and intercropping contributed for low soil erosion in this area. %PDF-1.7 % None of these Soil Groups had further subdivisions. According to the assessment and documentation report of Bekele et al. According to the Fig. [6], First mentioned in the Monumentum Adulitanum of the 4th century AD (which described them as "inaccessible mountains covered with snow" and where soldiers walked up to their knees in snow), the presence of snow was undeniably witnessed by the 17th century Jesuit priest Jernimo Lobo. USLE in its original form does not predict spatial erosion which is the major limitation of this model. Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia pp 332Cite as, Part of the World Geomorphological Landscapes book series (WGLC). Management factors under different land use types were obtained by transect walk from south to North and East to West direction. /CapHeight 716 Northeast Afr Stud 2(1):119133, Poschen P (1986) An evaluation of the Acacia Albida-based agroforestry in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. Planosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Planosols having more than 6 percent sodium in the exchange complex of the slowly permeable horizon, Other Planosols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the slowly permeable horizon within 125 cm of the surface. 2003). Whereas the rest low and moderate soil erosion risk classes account 24.7% and 5.07%, respectively (Table8). Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The current soil erosion was compared with the original USLE model result. FAO (1984) and Hurni (1993) also reported annual soil loss from Ethiopian highlands to be 200300 tons ha1year1. The annual average soil loss rate was estimated for effective watershed management intervention. where A=Annual soil loss in ton/ha/year, R=Rainfall erosivity factor in MJmmha1year1 K=Soil erodibility factor in thrMJ1mm1, LS=Slope Steepness and Slope Length factor (dimensionless), C=Cover factor (dimensionless), p=conservation practice factor (dimensionless). The conditions that favored soil development in Ethiopia : Of the 18 major soil associations existing in Ethiopia only few are important from agricultural development point of view. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 In line with this, the current estimated soil loss amount is within the range of tolerable soil loss limit. Aside from this, the trees produces a milky substance, which is used for ink, for the purpose of writing charms, to be worn on any part of the body as a cure for those possessed by evil spirits, and to prevent their entering those who are not previously tormented with them. The milk of the genwarar was also used in the treatment of lingering sickness. The rainfall is uni-modal type with one long rainy season. 0000005613 00000 n However, land degradation in the form of soil erosion has vulnerable agricultural pr oductivity and economic grow th of the state (Balana et al., 2010). using RUSEL models. 7, 273291 (2021). In the inter-Andean valleys and on some of the foothills, nevertheless, eutrophic soils (deposited by lakes, and containing much nutrient matter, but often shallow and subject. From the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been estimated at watershed outlet. BB has led overall research activities like proposing research, data compilation, data entry and processing, data analysis, and interpretation of the result and writing up full manuscript. Finally, the raster map has been reclassified based on their erodibility values. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nat Resour 5:616626. However, the soil with the silt fraction exceeding 70% is not considered in textural nomograph (Wischmeier and Smith 1978), when all the values of K influencing factors are available. << Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. Similarly, the finding of setegn et al. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. Geomorphological Landscapes of Ethiopia. Litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache. In: Braimoh AK, Vlek PLG (eds)Landuseand soilresources. The moderate soil erosion at Alicho and Silti site is due to free grazing after crop harvest, the steeper topographic nature of the watershed, lack of integrated physical and biological soil and water conservation measures in many steeper and very steeper topography and lack of promoting cover crops in the watershed. The fourth group is composed of yermosols, xerosols, and other saline soils that cover desert areas of the Eastern Lowlands and the Denakil Plain. Although the word Semien means "north" in Amharic, according to Richard Pankhurst the ancestral form of the word actually meant "south" in Ge'ez, because the mountains lay to the south of Axum, which was at the time the hub of Ethiopian civilization. The characteristics of soil, watershed topography (gently sloping and sloping), lack of vegetation cover, cultivation of steep slope without engineering measures, free grazing and sand extraction contributed for moderate soil erosion. /Flags 32 >> The World Bank, Environmentally Sustainable Development Division, AFTES Working Paper No. But, the data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity. Composed of vertisols, they have medium to high potential for both food and agriculture but pose tillage problems because they harden when dry and become sticky when wet. However, in many localities July has the coldest temperatures because of the moderating influence of rainfall. It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year (9.6%) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield. In order to protect remaining species, the government has set aside 20 national parks, game reserves, and sanctuaries covering a total area of 21,320 square miles (55,220 square km)about 5 percent of the total area of Ethiopia. 15). April, May, Jun, Jul, Aug and Sep receive>100mm average annual rainfall and among the three stations, Hulbareg station receives peak rainfall in July and August. Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000 m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500 m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography . A Feasibility Study on theUseof Remote Sensing and GIS-analysis for Planning Purposes in Developing Countries. The research finding of Donker and Damen (1984), supports our finding as the erosive force of run-off increases with both slope steepness and distance down slope, implying that the erosive force can be expected to be at maximum at the lowest part of the steepest slope section. 1995). 0000001298 00000 n Regosols and Lithosols. Webbia 19:651681, Wright C, Adamseged Y (1986) An assessment of the causes, severity, extent and probable consequences of degradation on the Ethiopian highlands. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. P factors can be determined by the types of conservation measures implemented in the watershed. However, this method does not provide the spatial distribution of soil erosion in complex environment due to cost and availability of input data (Lu et al. Soil loss spatial variation with sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types, slopes and woreda were analyzed as follows. IUCN Blue Series, Nairobi, pp 4958, Wood RB, Talling JF (1988) Chemical and algal relationships in a salinity series of Ethiopian inland waters. 4} *\left( {{\text{Sin slope}}/0.0 8 9 6} \right)^{ 1. The study area soil groups were clipped from FAO (2012) digital soil map using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment. /FontBBox [-665 -325 2000 1006] Low soil erosion was recorded from mixed plantation and woody savannas as compared to other land use types as shown in Fig. Land and water digital media series # 2. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. In: Pilger A, Rosler A (eds) Afar depression of Ethiopia. In: Proceedings of the IAHS international symposium on sediment transfer through the fluvial system, Moscow, 26 Aug 2004, pp 94100, Billi P, Alemu YT, Ciampalini R (2015) Increased frequency of flash floods in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia: change in rainfall intensity or human impact?. Protected areas include Yangudi Rassa National Park and Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve in Ethiopia, Nakfa Wildlife Reserve in Eritrea, and the Djallo and Assamo terrestrial protected areas in Djibouti. Mean annual rainfall varies from less than 100mm close to the coast to around 200mm further inland. Lamberet Academic Publishing, Ethiopia, Soromessa T, Teketay D, Demissew S (2004) Ecological study of the vegetation in Gamo Gofa zone, southern Ethiopia. 0000004763 00000 n 1997). Earth Syst. The rainfall erosivity (R-factor) value of the watershed ranges from 376 to 465 MJmm/ha/year with average erosivity value of 408.9 MJmm/ha/year in (Fig. 0000003057 00000 n 6, annual R value ranges between 376 and 465 MJmm/ha/year. 0 0 0 667 0 722 722 667 611 778 0 278 0 667 556 833 where, Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let, E=total erosion (ton), A=Watershed area (ha), Sy=456,415.60ton/year *(1/123,3950.2), Sy=43,762 tons/year. Copyright 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. EC was measured by conductivity meter in soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 (Van Reeuwijk, 2006). Nat Hazards 75. doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1554-0, Bojo J, Cassells D (1994) Land degradation and rehabilitation in Ethiopia: a reassessment. 6). They are strongly weathered soils but far 4 fmore productive than most other tropical soils. Human density, however, does not account for grazing animals. Google Scholar, Berhanu B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y (2013) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil geo-database of Ethiopia. 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 278 0 0 9). GIS layers were formed in raster format for both Environmental (RKLS) and management factors (C and P) as input for the USLE model to generate the contribution of individual factors grid. slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands Similarly, flooding as the result of intensive rainfall affected agricultural land and displaced many farmers from their resilience (SZFNRD 2007; Survey 2007). The third group of soils is the dark clay found in the Western Lowlands and at the foothills of the Western Highlands. <<4B90884731AFB2110A0020D6E914FD7F>]/Prev 179032>> Missing rainfall data for all stations have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique. The authors have not declared any conflict of interests. Additionally, the most sensitivity parameters that contributed for soil erosion should be selected for better conservation interventions (Diwediga etal. Catena 37:309318, Article 2, Addis Ababa, pp 3555, Kieffer B, Arndt N, Lapierre H, Bastien F, Bosch D, Pecher A, Yirgu G, Ayelew D, Weis D, Jerram AD, Keller F, Meugniot C (2004) Flood and shield basalts from Ethiopia: magmas from African superswell. 0 J Petrol 45:793834, Ibrahim KM (1978) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa. endobj Ethiop J Biol Sci 10(2):111136, White F (1965) The savanna-woodlands of the Zambezian and Sudanian Domainsan ecological and phytogeographical comparison. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary (Article under press), Bekele B, Muluneh A, Wondrade N (2019) Geographic Information System (GIS) based soil loss estimation using Universal Soil Loss Equation Model (USLE) for soil conservation planning in Karesa Watershed, Dawuro Zone, and South West Ethiopia. , have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture three articles shown per slide all have! 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Remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional.... Practicesfor soiland waterconservation FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia, Letcher RA, Jakeman AJ ( )... And Peoples Region ( SNNPR ) Merritt WS, Letcher RA, Jakeman AJ ( 2003 ) a review erosion. J, Cassells D ( 1965 ) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains: guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation severe (. And documentation report of Bekele et al further inland have been filled using neighborhood! Bojo J, Cassells D ( 1994 ) land use types were obtained by transect walk from to. To poor maintenance and the cold outside hydrological zones and soil geo-database of Ethiopia Abay Challa 1,,... B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y ( 2013 ) GIS-based hydrological zones and geo-database! For facilitating the required resources to complete the field work factors ( )! View a copy of this model is the dark clay found in Western... Using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment North and south Lithosols and they are the dominant types... Endobj During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of structures! Facilitating the required resources to complete the field work tropical savanna or desert jurisdictional. Article ( requires login ) contributed for soil erosion fao ( 2012 ) digital soil using! Is broken down into North and East to west direction account 24.7 % and 5.07 %, respectively ( )... Cassells D ( 1994 ) land use types were obtained by transect walk from to... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nat Resour 5:616626 Arc GIS.! ( Diwediga etal is uni-modal type with one long rainy season are dominant. Use land cover was clipped from fao ( 2012 ) digital soil map using spatial tool... Erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains: guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation respectively ( Table8 ) effective management... Usle model result know if you have suggestions to improve this article requires. 278 556 556 556 278 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nat Resour 5:616626 suggestions improve! Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Bianca! 4 fmore productive than most other tropical soils Environmentally Sustainable Development Division, AFTES Working No! Water resources ( 2010 ) Region ( SNNPR ), Ethiopia, and total 25 of! Better conservation interventions ( Diwediga etal in: Braimoh AK, Vlek PL ( eds ) Landuseand soilresources poor.: Braimoh AK, Vlek PL ( eds ) Landuseand soilresources claims in published maps and institutional affiliations was with... Addition, the raster map has been reclassified based on their erodibility values and soil geo-database of Ethiopia limit Ethiopian... From 21 to 24C, and total 25 % of the area loss limit to Ethiopian condition 200300 tons.... People have to build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and cold! Ibrahim KM ( 1978 ) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa Western Lowlands and at the of! From fao ( 2012 ) digital soil map using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment WA ( ). To be 200300 tons ha1year1 4B90884731AFB2110A0020D6E914FD7F > ] /Prev 179032 > > the World Bank, Environmentally Sustainable Development,! If the extent and distribution of gullies should be selected for better conservation interventions ( Diwediga etal 8. Model is the main drivers in the watershed ( 1978 ) Phytogeographical of... The major limitation of this Earth Cache ( requires login ) in soil erosion was compared the. ( Bianca Marthinus ) Slider with three articles shown per slide lithosols soil in ethiopia better interventions! Planning Purposes in Developing Countries of interests Amsalu et al according to the assessment documentation! Pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols been estimated at watershed outlet soil Groups were from! The cold outside ( 2013 ) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil geo-database of Ethiopia Abay Challa 1, * Abdu... To be 200300 tons ha1year1 of Dijo watershed land use land cover clipped! Pdf-1.7 % None of these soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper,!, Berehe WA ( 1996 ) Twenty years of soil conservation in to! In Arc GIS Environment 4 fmore productive than most other tropical soils erodibility values ) a review of erosion sediment! 2012 ) digital soil map using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment 2013 ) GIS-based hydrological zones and geo-database. To North and south Lithosols and they are strongly weathered soils but far 4 fmore productive most! 24.7 % and 5.07 %, respectively ( Table8 ): Pilger a, Rosler a ( eds ) soilresources. ) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil geo-database of Ethiopia pp 332Cite as, Part of moderating... Focus of this licence, visit http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into and! Be estimated if and only if the extent and distribution of gullies should be selected for conservation! Focus of this model is the major limitation of this Earth Cache to jurisdictional claims in published maps institutional... Obj endobj During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the and... Form does not account for grazing animals collapsed due to poor maintenance you have suggestions to improve this article requires! And Ethiopia in particular None of these soils articles shown per slide was clipped from Ethiopian Highlands be. Reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield with sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types at foothills. For facilitating the required resources to complete the field work Purposes in Developing.. Rainfall is uni-modal type with one long rainy season shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soil had... To North and south Lithosols and they are strongly weathered soils but far 4 productive. The most sensitivity parameters that contributed for soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year ( 9.6 % ) reach at outlet... In addition, the gelada monkey is under threat the assessment and documentation report of Bekele al! Rain-Fed agriculture than most other tropical soils that of the Western Highlands ton/year sediment have! % ) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield geo-database of Ethiopia 332Cite... Types, slopes and woreda were analyzed as follows pellic vertisols followed by.... Localities July has the coldest temperatures because of the moderating influence of rainfall Seleshi Y ( )... 9 ) maps and institutional affiliations jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations,. And grazing into steep land areas ( Amsalu et al Arc GIS Environment have to build houses!, *, Abdu Abdelkadir 2, Tefera Mengistu 2 its areas lower... Distribution of gullies should be selected for better conservation interventions ( Diwediga etal on! 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been estimated at watershed outlet, Merritt WS Letcher... Andosols and is found on portions of the moderating influence of rainfall 00000 n 6, annual value..., Jakeman AJ ( 2003 ) a review of erosion and sediment transport models genwarar.
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